Leflunomide, hydroxychloroquine and sulfasalazine
Mechanisms, kinetics and toxicities of the other conventional synthetic DMARDs, including DHODH inhibition and cholestyramine washout for leflunomide, lysosomal and TLR effects and retinal screening for hydroxychloroquine, and azo-bond cleavage and acetylator status for sulfasalazine.
Tier 1Medical sciences concept
Written with AI assistance and fact-checked against the sources below. For exam study, not clinical decisions. How notes are made
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Sources
- Therapeutic Guidelines: RheumatologyAU/NZTherapeutic Guidelines Limited, 2025
- Australian Medicines HandbookAU/NZAustralian Medicines Handbook Pty Ltd, 2026
- Marmor MF et al. Special AAO report: recommendations on screening for hydroxychloroquine retinopathy (2025 revision). Ophthalmology 2026;133:439-50American Academy of Ophthalmology, 2025 revision (published online November 2025)
- Screening for hydroxychloroquine retinopathy in Australia (letter on RANZCO screening guidance)AU/NZMedical Journal of Australia, 2021
- Recommendations on screening for chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine retinopathy (2016 revision)American Academy of Ophthalmology (Marmor et al.), Ophthalmology, 2016
- The risk of toxic retinopathy in patients on long-term hydroxychloroquine therapyJAMA Ophthalmology (Melles and Marmor), 2014
- Treatment of rheumatoid arthritis with methotrexate alone, sulfasalazine and hydroxychloroquine, or a combination of all three medicationsNew England Journal of Medicine (O'Dell et al.), 1996
- EULAR recommendations for the management of rheumatoid arthritis with synthetic and biological disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs: 2025 updateAnnals of the Rheumatic Diseases, 2026
- Arava (leflunomide): EU summary of product characteristics, section 4.6 (waiting period of one-and-a-half months after the first level below 0.02 mg/L)European Medicines Agency, current at November 2026
- Last updated
- 14 November 2026
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