Type 2 diabetes mellitus and its complications
Diagnosis and screening, individualised targets, choosing drugs by comorbidity and PBS rules (SGLT2 inhibitor first in heart failure and CKD), starting insulin, remission, complications, and older, pregnant and First Nations patients.
Tier 1Condition
Written with AI assistance and fact-checked against the sources below. For exam study, not clinical decisions. How notes are made
At a glance
- Insulin resistance plus progressive beta-cell failure. Well over a million Australians are registered with the NDSS, most with type 2 diabetes, and many more are undiagnosed.
- Diagnose on glucose or HbA1c. Screen with AUSDRISK, and with a yearly blood test from age 18 in Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people.
- Set an individual HbA1c target (usually ≤53 mmol/mol, 7.0%) and treat cardiovascular risk as hard as glucose.
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Sources
- Australian Type 2 Diabetes Glycaemic Management AlgorithmAU/NZAustralian Diabetes Society and NDSS, September 2026
- Management of type 2 diabetes: A handbook for general practiceAU/NZRACGP and Diabetes Australia, 2024
- Living Evidence Guidelines in DiabetesAU/NZDiabetes Australia and Australian Diabetes Society, living
- Diabetes (Therapeutic Guidelines)AU/NZTherapeutic Guidelines Ltd
- Standards of Care in Diabetes 2026American Diabetes Association (Diabetes Care 2026;49 Suppl 1), 2026
- Management of hyperglycemia in type 2 diabetes, 2022. A consensus report by the ADA and the EASDDavies et al., Diabetes Care 2022;45:2753-86, 2022
- Primary care-led weight management for remission of type 2 diabetes (DiRECT): an open-label, cluster-randomised trialLean et al., Lancet 2018;391:541-51, 2018
- Intensive blood-glucose control with sulphonylureas or insulin compared with conventional treatment (UKPDS 33)UK Prospective Diabetes Study Group, Lancet 1998;352:837-53, 1998
- Last updated
- 14 November 2026
What changed
- 14 November 2026 Personal emails, About story and Australian-style copy